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Tesla has introduced its game-changing 4680 battery cell a while ago, that was a significant advancement in battery technology. This innovative cell offers larger dimensions, resulting in a six-fold increase in power and a five-fold boost in energy capacity compared to Tesla’s previous 21700 cells. While the larger cell size itself isn’t entirely new concept in the industry, similar dimensions have been explored by companies like Panasonic.

But, Tesla’s unique take on the 4680 battery brings notable advancements to the table. The 4680 battery’s unique design, featuring a larger form factor and a tab-less configuration, enhances its performance significantly. This battery represents a major leap in sustainable energy and transportation. In this post, we’ll explore the known and potential specifications of the 4680 battery.

What are Tesla 4680 battery specifications?

The 4680 battery is a Li-ion battery named after its 46mm × 80mm cylindrical size (diameter × height).
When compared to 21700 size and 18650 type cells, the height and diameter both are larger. It is on the way to  replace the 21700 battery which is currently being used in Tesla electric cars.

The 4680 battery type would be popular in rechargeable and high current draining devices considering its higher degree of capabilities like charge cycle and higher energy density.

Check this article on 21700 vs 18650 battery side by side comparison.

Key Specifications of the Tesla 4680 Battery:

The 4680 battery holds several notable specifications that come up with exceptional performance and intrigue. While specific properties may vary depending on the manufacturer’s propitiatory technology, here are some common specifications:

1. Size/Dimension: The Tesla 4680 battery measures approximately 46mm in diameter and 80mm in length, offering an increased volume for enhanced capacity and power.
2. Capacity: With the larger form factor, the 4680 battery is estimated to have a maximum capacity of around 25- 26Ah, surpassing the 5600mAh capacity of the 2170 cells.
3. Weight: Although the weight of 4680 battery has not been published officially , preliminary evaluations suggest that the 4680 battery could be 355g per cell.

4680 battery specs table:

The 4680 battery specification includes its properties like the voltage, capacity, charge-discharge cycle, output current, output voltage, and so on. This is a generalized specs of 4680 Li-ion battery, only properties marked with the remark of “Standard” are common to all 4680 batteries else not.

Furthermore, other properties such as the capacity (mAh), the charge-discharge cycle, varies depending on the manufacturer’s technologies. All 4680 battery specs are listed in the table in detail.

Properties	Specifications	Remark
Component type	Battery/ Cell	Power supply
Battery type	Li-ion	Technology
Model No	4680	Tesla 4680 battery
Size/ dimension	46 ✖ 80 mm	Standard (dd ✖ hh)
Voltage	3.7 volt	Nominal (std).
Capacity	25- 26Ah	Per cell (estimated max)
Operating voltage	2.5- 4.2 volt	Range (std.)
Cutoff voltage	2 - 2.5 volts	Check respective datasheet
Weight	~355 gms	(estimated)
Charge density (Energy per cell)	96-99 Wh	Energy (at 3.7V estimated)
Charge discharge cycle	~1500	(1000 to 2000) in number (depends on nature of charging)
Continuous discharge current	20- 35 amps (estimated)	-
Optimum /Minimum charging time	2.5 hrs to 3.5 hrs	Per cell
Shelf life	36+ months	-
Charging method	CC and CV	-
Charging voltage	4.2v- 5v	5 volt max per cell
Output current	-	check C rating*
Charging current	-	check C rating*
Internal resistance	(not-available)	Check datasheet
Self discharge	6 - 10 %	Per month

*internal space is the space that could be utilized for purposes such as protection circuit or for anode/cathode terminals collectively.

4680 battery specification

The specs mentioned in this post other than battery size, capacity and power are very much same. The nominal output voltage, the charging voltage, battery life would remain similar as the base technology is still same, that is lithium ion.

4680 battery size / dimension:

The 4680 battery length is 80mm. The diameter of the 4680 battery is 46mm.

To be more precise, it has an approximate length of 80mm and an approximate diameter is 46mm. Thus you could find specifications written as (say) 46 ± 0.41mm ✖ 80 ± 0.25mm on the datasheet and features of the Li-ion cell.

4680 battery capacity:

As we know that the 2170 cell that currently being manufactured are having a maximum capacity of 5600 mAh and engineering analyst says that the new 4680 Tesla cell would be around ~25,946 mAh @ 96Wh per cell (considering the increase in the size, and new overlapping method, eventually the volume of the battery – source)

4680 battery weight:

The weight of new Tesla cell is evaluated to be not more than 355gms per cell. But this is not the confirmed officially yet by Tesla. It will be updated here as soon as it is confirmed by reliable sources.

Advantage of 4680 over previous 21700 batteries:

Due to the increase in length and diameter, the overall volume of the cell has increased, thus, with this development, it is claimed that there will be a 5x increase in capacity and a 6x increase in power. Also expected the improvement of 56% in Tesla’s cost per kWh as compared to the previous battery pack.
(more information on Tesla battery development here)

4680 battery data sheet:

The datasheet specifications describes the technical parameters and standard tested output of each for the particular component or module.
There are currently ‘No datasheets’ of 4680 batteries available. This is due to the reason that these batteries are in a development phase, also Tesla is the only one working on these batteries. All the datasheets will be mentioned here once its available.

An LED driver is an electronic device that regulates the output voltage required to power an LED or LED array. The LED driver is also known as LED power supply. They provide LEDs with the specific voltage two functions so as to perform with full efficiency.
LEDs are well known for low power consumption along with long life-span.

Below is the explanation to the need of an LED driver, what actually LED driver do and what is inside an LED driver.

What is the need of an LED driver?

The operation of all LED light sources requires a driver. Typically, an individual LED light functions within a voltage range of 1.2 to 2.7 volts, and in some cases up to three volts, using direct current (DC) power. However, the typical domestic power supply is alternating current (AC) in nature, with a voltage of 120 or 230 volts, depending on the country. As a result, it is impossible to directly power an LED with an AC power source.

LED bulbs, found in homes, consist of arrays of LEDs connected in series or parallel to each other. These arrays require a standard DC voltage, typically in the range of 5 to 24 volts. The household power supply, on the other hand, provides 120 or 230 volts, which is not suitable for powering the LED array.

This is where the concept of an LED driver comes in. An LED driver converts the 120 or 230 volts of AC power into the required 5-12 volts of DC power, making it possible to operate the LED

In addition to voltage conversion, it also regulates the voltage to a particular level this is needed in case of voltage surge that can destroy LED bulb even home appliances like TVs and ACs are affected. (TV and ACs comes with the inbuilt voltage surge protection circuit that helps them unaffected by voltage surge)

The light Fluctuations which are very common in conventional lights also eliminated by this device in LED lights, also increasing the life cycle of it.

 What led drivers do:

• It protects LED from damage.
• Save energy consumption.
• Eliminate fluctuations of output light.
• It increases the lifespan.

Check how to wire a 4 way switch?

LED drivers are classified into types:

Internal LED drivers: These are inbuilt and hidden in casing LED bulb like it is shown in the image. These are not repairable as they are packed in an LED bulb which is hard to open-replace.

External LED driver: The image above showing the external light driver. This is generally provided with flat LED panels and street lights. It comes with specifications written on them so that it can be replaced if the original goes off. Thus makes it convenient for LED lights to be repaired easily.

 

How to choose an LED driver?

Choosing an LED driver is a troublesome task,but there are several factors to consider to ensure that the driver is compatible with your LED lighting system and provides optimal performance. Some of the key factors to consider given below:

1. Output Voltage and Current: It’s important to choose an LED driver that can provide the correct required output voltage and current for your LED lights. Make sure that driver have the capacity to supply higher current when required to drive the multiple LED.
2. Power Rating: Always make sure to choose an LED driver with a power rating that is equal to higher than the total power consumption of your LED modules.
3. Efficiency: Look for an LED driver with high efficiency, this will help to reduce cut power bills and heat dissipation.
4. Must have the feature like over-voltage, over-current and thermal protection, these feature will prevent damage to the LED modules array and increase its longevity.
5. Dimming Capability: If you want to be able to dim your LED lights, you’ll need to choose a driver that is compatible with your dimmer switch and can provide smooth and precise dimming control.
6. Type of driver:  From the constant current and constant voltage driver, choosing the right one for your application is important as per the design of module.
7. Size and form factor: Make sure that the size and form factor of the LED driver is compatible with the space you have available for installation.
8. Brand and warranty: Consider the brand and warranty of the driver, it’s always better to choose a reputable brand that offers a warranty.

It is always recommended to consult with a professional or the manufacturer for specification in choosing the right LED driver for your specific application.

 

What is inside the LED driver?

Block diagram of the LED driver: Block diagram contains mainly four sections,
power converter that is a transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator.
( different for SMPS power supply)

 

How it works?

The transformer converts higher voltage AC to the lower voltage AC. Then the function of the rectifier is to convert alternating voltage to a direct voltage. Now the voltage is passed through a filter to remove high-frequency components, then the regulator regulates the output voltage at a fixed value for all the time.

Dimming Led driver:

One major advantage of using an LED driver is that it allows for dimming control. LED lights are not dimmable when used with traditional dimmer switches, which are designed for incandescent or halogen bulbs. Dimmable LED drivers, on the other hand, allow for smooth and precise dimming of LED lights, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, such as residential and commercial lighting, as well as in stage and film production.

Only LED and drivers highlighted that they are dimmable in specification label is made to be used as dimmable.

If the specification doesn’t mention dimming on it, then it is not safe to use the product for dimming effect. Dimmable external drivers often involve a Triac so as to control the required voltage or current, or other dimming control circuits.

It is recommended to test specific LED/ dimmable supply combinations for acceptable dimming performance before the final conclusion on the specific dimmer.

 

How to test LED drivers?

First of all read the output specification printed on the box/ product. Secondly, note down output voltage printed on it. Now by disconnecting LED panel wires from DC output (sometime printed on driver’s PCB), use the digital multi-meter to measure the output voltage from PCB board to match the DC output with the printed output voltage.

If the voltages are the same then as printed and measured then your led-supply is good. If the voltage is less or varies with time then you can consider replacing it.

21700 battery is one of the most popular and commonly found cells in the battery pack in electric vehicles, battery-powered construction equipment, portable power cutting/ drilling tools, the emergency torch, flashlight, etc. after 18650 battery cells. Here we have listed all the possible technical 21700 battery specifications that can be very useful in executing any technical design of your product or gadgets.

What is a 21700 battery? and specifications

The 21700 battery is a Li-ion battery named after its 21mm × 70mm cylindrical size (diameter × height). When compared to AA size and 18650 type cells, their height and diameter both are larger. They are not replacements for AA or AAA or 18650 size cells.

The 21700 battery type is popular in rechargeable and high current draining devices considering its higher degree of capabilities like 1000+ charge cycle and higher energy density.

With the 21700 Li-ion battery due to its higher energy density and power output, we are able to manufacture and use cordless power tools like portable drill machines, long-range electric vehicles, etc.
This was just an imagination a few years back to have portable power tools in the field of utility and construction like cutting and drilling tools etc.

It is good to see 21700 lithium cells gives the ability to compete and provide the replacement option to the corded tools in all-around areas by providing longer run time.

Its safety property along with its high output current and energy capacity makes this battery popular among tech industries.

The 21700 battery specs includes its properties like the voltage, capacity, charge-discharge cycle, output current, output voltage, and so on.

This is a generalized specs of 21700 Li-ion battery, only properties marked with the remark of “Standard/(std.)” are common to all 21700 batteries else not.

This is to note that other properties such as capacity (mAh), charge-discharge cycle are subjected to independent technologies. All the 21700 specs are listed in the table in detail.

You might like this article on the:

21700 vs 18650 battery comparison

21700 battery specification table:

 

Properties	Specifications	Remark
Component type	Battery/ Cell	Power supply
Battery type	Li-ion	Technology
Model No	21700	-
Size/ dimension	21 ✖ 70 mm	Standard (dd ✖ hh)
Voltage	3.7 volt	Nominal (std).
Capacity	3500- 5600 mAh	Per cell
Operating voltage	2.5- 4.2 volt	Range (std.)
Cutoff voltage	2 - 2.5 volts	Check respective datasheet
Weight	55gms to 75gms	Depends on capacity & technology
Charge density (Energy per cell)	10.5- 13.7Wh	Energy
Charge discharge cycle	500 to 2000	In number ()
Continuous discharge current	20- 35 amps	-
Optimum /Minimum charging time	2.5 hrs to 3.5 hrs	Per cell
Shelf life	36+ months	-
Charging method	CC and CV	-
Charging voltage	4.2v- 5v	5 volt max
Output current	-	check C rating*
Charging current	-	check C rating*
Internal resistance	-	Check datasheet
Self discharge	6 - 10 %	Per month

Always check the datasheet as above information is a general specs.

 

21700 battery size / dimension: 

The Standard 21700 battery size is 21 ✖ 70mm.

The 21700 battery length is 70mm.

The diameter of the 21700 battery is 21mm.

To be more precise, it has an approximate length of 70mm and an approximate diameter is 21mm but technically 21700 cell size is allowed with some tolerance in length and diameter.

Thus you could find specifications written as (say) 21 ± 0.41mm ✖ 70 ± 0.25mm on the datasheet and features of the li-ion cell.

Just remember 21 ✖ 70mm as a standard size, the remaining things will be taken care of by designers and manufacturers of devices and batteries.

 

21700 battery data sheet:

The data sheet specification describes the technical parameters and standard tested output of each for the particular component or module.
Here we have discussed the 21700 battery datasheet, on paper its a li-ion rechargeable cell supplied by various electronics manufacturing companies.

There are hundreds of 21700 battery datasheets available belonging to a different models of 21700 batteries, there are lots of different models available varying in current rating and charge holding capacity. Also top manufacturer have their cell model with inbuilt overcharge protection and short circuit protection circuit to prevent damage to the cell as well as device in which it is installed.

List of top best 21700 battery manufacturing companies along with the datasheets :

Samsung battery:

One of the popular samsung battery under the name samsung 21700 30T. Its actual Model No. is INR21700-30T

Datasheet of 21700 Samsung 30T battery

One of the popular samsung battery under the name samsung 21700 40T. Its actual Model No. is INR21700-40T

Datasheet of 21700 Samsung 40T battery

 

LG battery:

Model No. 21700M50

LG 21700 battery Datasheet

 

From their data sheet you can analyse and study what parameters are to be considered. All these parameter to be keep in mind before, while and after manufacturing, testing and launching the a final product in the market.

We have discussed the 18650 specs and properties in detail here.

 

 

 

If you are  searching for the USB wiring diagram, you are at the right place. The wiring diagram includes any combination of different types of USB connectors. The most common after USB-type A to USB- type C is “micro USB- type B” to standard “USB-type A” which is generally presents in mobile phone chargers.

USB wiring diagram comes in handy when USB port or connector either of them malfunctions or completely out of order, also for engineers and hobbyist who wants to explore the electronics wiring practically.

These cables breakdown occurs due to excessive use of USB wire (here excessive use means repetitive use of wire or connecting port in a short duration of time). Improper use like rugged applications, inappropriate inserting into port, i.e without checking port orientation.

Another practice is bending the wire greater than 90 degrees, which causes the copper wires in the bundle to get damaged due to its slightly brittle property. Copper is having one of the best malleability and ductility properties. And therefore copper is widely used as a conductor in a wire even having this property, the copper wire undergoes degradation.

Before wiring USB you need to know the pin-out diagram of USB. Below is the figure showing the pin-out diagram of the USB micro-B and USB-A wiring diagram.

 

Type-A USB pinout diagram, micro USB pinout diagram along with USB wiring diagram:

This cable is most commonly used in mobile charger for charging mobile phones and as a USB data cable to connect mobile devices to tranfer files and images between personal computers and phones.

 

Click here for the USB C 3.0 wiring diagram and charger cable internal wiring.

Description: USB wiring is simple but not that simple this is because on changing the frame of reference the pinout looks changed. It can be noticed that pin-out the front side be different than that of back side and thus it requires to check the connectivity of both ends with a digital multi-meter (above micro USB pinout made it simple for you).

 

Table of male USB-A pinout & USB-B pinout:

Pin no.	Name	Wire code	Description
1	VCC	Red/ Orange	+5V (dc power)
2	D-	White/ Gold	Data- (data from device to host)
3	D+	Green	Data+ (data from host to device)
4	GND	Black/ Blue	0V (dc ground)

The table showing pin number and their nomenclature along with its function in short.

• Pin no.1 showing the power supply (+VDD) through that pin the power is supplied to the device or any equipment which is also an indicator of handshake signal, means “the device is connected”.
• According to the USB standard power supply is +5V.(but note that the capacity of the power supply is different for different USB versions)
• Whereas, “pin no. 2” (-D) is used as a differential data pin, similarly “pin no. 3” (+D) is also used as a differential data pin.
• The work of the differential data pin is to send and receive the data in a particular format called USB protocol.
• Pin no. 4 is used as ground. The color code for the wire used in the USB cable red, white, green, grey, black for pin numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
• Please take note of type-A & type-B have the same pinout diagram after arranging on the basis of similarity of shape.

 

Also check, USB OTG wiring diagram & USB C pin diagram and wiring color code

 

USB pin-out and its connector:

There are the female connectors for each of the male connectors in practical having the same pin-out as that of the male connector. The most common types of connectors are displayed in this image.

 

Table of mini and micro USB pin-out type-b & type-a:

Pin no. (look pinout figure)	Name	Wire code	Description
1	VCC	Red	+5V (dc power bus)
2	D-	White	Data- (device to host)
3	D+	Green	Data+ (host to device)
4	ID	N/A (dark blue / black)*	OTG-ID (generally not connected, if so then grounded/ according to the device need)
5	GND	Black	0V (dc ground)

The pin-out diagram for the micro USB type-B very similar to USB type-A except for the last two pins 4 and 5. Also, it is the same for micro USB type-a and micro USB type-b. The pin no.1 is +5V acts as a source to the device or source from the device.

Pin no.2 and pin no.3 are data lines (also called differential data lines because its application varies with the requirements).

The pin no. 4 (ID) is used for device identification especially in modern devices for OTG connections. For example, in as a smartphone OTG connector detection to connect a USB drive directly to the mobile phone. And the last pin no. 5 is a connection for ground signal which is pin no. 4 type USB-A through a wire.

How to find the USB wiring diagram manually?

Step1: First of all find out the type of USB connector used in the cable.

Step2: After the identification of the type of USB connector used on both ends, note down the pinout diagram of that particular USB type.

Step3: Note down all the color of the cable and where it is connected to the actual USB connector on a page. (rough sketch diagram will work)

Step4: Now connect connector pin and wires from the clutter according to the color code and pinout of that particular USB connector on the page using a pen, and your USB wiring diagram is ready.

 

List of standard USB connectors available commercially in the market which you can buy:

1) USB A male to USB B male.
2) USB A male to USB B female.
3) USB A male to mini USB B male.
4) USB A male to micro USB B male.
5) USB A male to USB C male.
6) USB A female to USB C male. (USB C OTG)  and many more.

 

Micro USB pinout insight and USB-C:

• The micro USB connector is most commonly used for charging mobile phones and various other portable devices like Bluetooth headset, Bluetooth speaker, Mini drones, Power Banks.
• Some of the device manufacturers use their own standard of not connecting the data pin, as the cable is only made to work for charging purposes where only power bus/ wire is required to reduce the manufacturing cost.

You must have had thought of the question, why most of the devices use micro USB?

Most of the devices use micro USB due to the fact that it is compact than all of its precedents in shape and size. And after that, no other type of USB is able to replace it except USB-C ©.

USB-C is more complex micro USB-a than micro USB-b. The micro USB-C is simply called as USB-C.

The image and pinout of micro USB C are as follows:

Pin	Name	Pin	Name	Description
A1	GND	B12	GND	DC ground (+0V)
A2	TX1+	B11	TX2+	Super speed data transmit+ (host to device)
A3	TX1-	B10	TX2-	Super speed data transmit- (device to host)
A4	VDD	B9	VDD	DC power (+5V)
A5	CC1	B8	CC2	Power delivery communication line
A6	D+	B7	D+	speed data transmit+ (host to device)
A7	D-	B6	D-	speed data transmit- (device to host)
A8	SBU1	B5	SBU2	secondary bus
A9	VDD	B4	VDD	DC power (+5V)
A10	RX2-	B3	RX1-	Super speed data receive- (device to host)
A11	RX2+	B2	RX1+	Super speed data receive+ (host to device)
A12	GND	B1	GND	DC ground (+0V)

• You can see a noticeable difference between USB C and micro USB. As you can observe that USB C can be inserted from any of the orientation. On the contrary, micro USB is direction oriented and we have to give attention while inserting it into the device.
• In case if USB  C port the Pin no. A1 to A12 is a mirror image of Pin no. B1 to B12. Thus, any functional allocation of pins from A shall be substituted to pins from B.
• USB C has the advantage of orientation, on the other hand, it has the disadvantage of ring complex on the design level for the programmer and engineers.
• Apart from this, micro USB comes in three variants (they have principally same micro USB pinout) as shown in the figure.
• Type-C USB is a new connector system replacing the earlier micro USB. A lot of the new budget smartphones that are released  every few weeks have micro USB C ports, they are becoming more popular in the smartphone and gadget category.
• These micro USB C cables are available in different assemblies in different USB versions for various purposes, from USB C charging/ data cable to USB C OTG cable. You can check USB C wiring diagrams and internal wirings of USB 3.0/ 3.1.

 

The image and pinout of USB b super speed are as follows:

Pin no.	Name	Wire code	Description
1	VDD	Red	+5V (dc power source)
2	D-	White	D- (differential data pin) data negative
3	D+	Green	D+ (differential data pin) data positive
4	ID	N/C (dark blue / black)	OTG identification pin (generally not connected/ grounded)
5	GND	Black	0V (signal ground)
6	SSTx-	Blue	Superspeed transmit-
7	SSTx+	Yellow	Superspeed transmit+
8	GND	N/C (custom color pattern/ dark blue/ black)	Grounding
9	SSRx-	Purple	Superspeed receive-
10	SSRx+	Orange	Superspeed receive+

The USB b Superspeed pinout is the combination of USB b and 5 auxiliary pins which are predominantly used in high-speed External Hard Drives. The description section of the table above is self-explanatory.

These variants along with USB wiring diagram are decided by the usb.org, which is a ‘USB standards organization’ that maintains USB standards and improvise the USB technology and its applications.

i) micro a( USB 1.1 to 2): Previously in mobiles, now discontinued.
ii) micro b( USB 1.1 to 2): All current mobiles/ laptops/ desktop PC.
iii) micro b( USB 3.0): External hard drive/latest smartphone/ laptops.

 

Important things to consider about USB wiring diagram of cables:

• Check that if you are USB cord has more than 4 wires then 5th one must be a bare/ open conductor. This open wire is generally surrounded to the four main wire from around. This arrangement is called as shielding.
• To prevent external noise shielding is necessary. The most common practice is to ground shielding with the host and external device.
• Shielding is generally avoided in low quality cheaply made USB cables, which is not in the favor of good quality USB cords. It is very important for the protection of data. Also for avoiding loss of data and hardware faults.

USB color code:

Very few people know that the USB connector has a color code. This color code is given to the USB on the basis of its standards defined by its organization. The colors are white, black, blue, red/ yellow.

White: It was introduced in 1996 (now outdated). It has a very low speed. The version it came from is USB 1.XX.

Black: It was in the market since the year 2000. It’s under version USB 2.XX. Its speed is up to 480 Mbps.

Blue: It published under the version USB 3.XX in 2008. Its maximum speed is 5 Gbps.

Red/Yellow: It is very same as USB3.XX with an upgraded feature of “sleep and charge”. This means that your device with this feature will not stop power supply even if the host device is turned off. This is very helpful for charging the mobile phone according to our convenience.

One of the most popular and commonly found cells  in the battery pack or power supply are 18650 battery cells, here we have listed all the possible technical 18650 battery specifications that can be very useful in implementing any technical design of your product or gadgets.

What is an 18650 battery? and specifications.

The 18650 battery is a Li-ion battery named after its 18mm × 65mm cylindrical size (diameter × height). When compared to AA size, it’s height and diameter both are larger. They are not replacements for AA or AAA size cells.

The 18650 battery has a nominal voltage of 3.6v and has capacity between 1200mAh and 3600mAh (read as mili-Amp-hours).

The battery type 18650 are popular in rechargeable and high current draining devices considering its high-level capabilities like 250+ charge cycle and higher energy density. The 18650 Li-ion battery due to its adaptability all around can be found in various fields, say, electric cars/ scooters, power banks, utility gadgets such as emergency lamps, torchlight, etc.
Its safety property along with its high output current and energy capacity makes this battery popular among tech industries.

The 18650 battery specification includes its properties like the voltage, capacity, charge-discharge cycle, output current, output voltage and so on. This is a generalized specification of 18650 Li-ion battery, only properties marked with the remark of “Standard” are common to all 18650 batteries else not.

This is to note that other properties such as capacity charge discharge cycles and capacity (mAh) are subjected to independent technologies to increase capability values to the consumers by doing research and development. All the 18650 specs are listed in table with detail. You might like this article on  simple 18650 battery charger circuit with auto cutoff.

Also check 21700 battery specs and properties.

18650 battery specification table:

Properties	Specifications	Remark
Component type	Battery/ Cell	Power supply
Battery type	Li-ion	Technology
Model No	18650	-
Size/ dimension	18 ✖ 65 mm	Standard (dd ✖ hh)
Voltage	3.7 volt	Nominal (std.)
Capacity	1200-3600mah	Per cell
Operating voltage	2.5-4.2 volt	Range (std)
Cutoff voltage	2 - 2.5 volts	Check respective datasheet
Weight	30gms to 55gms	Depends on capacity & technology
Charge density (Energy per cell)	1.5 - 11.5Wh	Energy
Charge discharge cycle	250 to 2000	In number ()
Optimum /Minimum charging time	2.5 hrs to 3.5 hrs	Per cell
Shelf life	36+ months	-
Charging method	CC and CV	-
Charging voltage	4.2v - 5v	5 volt max
Output current	-	Check C rating*
Charging current	-	Check C rating*
Internal resistance	-	High
Product variant	Regular and Flat top	-
Self discharge	6 - 10 %	Per month

Specs mention in above table is general, always check datasheet for accurate results.

Click for (Compressive comparison 18650 vs 21700 battery)

18650 battery size / dimension: 

The Standard 18650 battery size is 18 ✖ 65mm.
The 18650 battery length is 65mm. The diameter of the 18650 battery is 18mm.

To be more precise, it has an approximate length of 65mm and an approximate diameter is 18mm but technically 18650 battery size is allowed with some tolerance in length and diameter. Thus you could find specification written as, (say) 18 ± 0.41mm ✖ 65  ± 0.25mm on datasheet and features of Li-ion cell.

Just remember 18 ✖ 65mm as a standard size, remaining things will be taken care of by designers and manufacturers of devices and batteries.

The size of the 18650 battery is allowed for the reason that, various gadgets or devices inhibit different locally developed technologies. That might not able to manufacture exact precise length & diameter of either batteries or battery holding space, to fit the device or 18650 Lithium battery respectively.

(check here how to charge 18650 battery with and without charger)

18650 battery data sheet:

The data sheet specification describes the technical parameters and standard tested output of each for the particular component or module.
Here we have discussed 18650 battery data sheet, on paper its a li-ion rechargeable cell supplied by various electronics manufacturing companies.

There are hundreds of 18650 battery data sheets available belonging to different model of 18650 batteries, there are lots of different models available varying in current rating and charge holding capacity. Also top manufacturing companies have their cell model with inbuilt overcharge protection and short circuit protection circuit to prevent damage to the cell as well as device in which it is used.

List of top 18650 battery manufacturing companies along with the data sheets of popular 18650 battery:

1. Samsung

Battery Model: Samsung 25R5 18650

Datasheet link: Samsung battery datasheet

 

2. Sony

Battery Model: Sony VTC6 18650 battery (US18650VTC6)

Datasheet link: Sony vtc6 datasheet

Battery Model: Sony VTC5 18650 Battery (US18650VTC5)

Datasheet link: Sony vtc5 datasheet

 

3. LG

Battery Model : LG HG2 18650 Battery

Datasheet link: LG HG2 datasheet

 

4. Panasonic

Battery Model: Panasonic A 18650 Battery (NCR18650A)

Datasheet link: Panasonic A18650 datasheet

 

From their data sheet you can analyze and study what parameters are to be considered. All these parameter to be keep in mind before, while and after manufacturing, testing and launching the a final product in the market.

We have discussed these all 18650 circuits and how to use them here.

 

 

 

Where to buy electronic components online?

Looking for a place to get your hands on electronic components? Well, the options are as diverse as the components themselves are. Whether you prefer wandering through a physical stops or navigating the digital online store, we’ve got you covered.

Finding a reliable electronic component store can be a bit of a quest these days. But, let’s not forget the convenience of online shopping. If you can’t locate a local store, or you’re just looking to save some time and don’t mind parting with a few extra pennies, there’s a whole world of electronic components waiting for you on the web. Where you might find some very cheap deals and low-cost options or some time be prepared to pay a little more because online prices tend to have a bit of a premium attached.

Lots of people searching now a day to buy electronic components store but very few are able to find a good one. This post will guide you through the electronic component stores near you as well as buying electronic components store online.

There are a lot of places to buy electronic components, but I myself prefer to buy components from the shop near me. Because I can get them without waiting much and even can test the working of expensive parts at the time of buying.

I only buy online components when a particular component is not available at the brick-and-mortar store. But as a matter of fact, only a few cities have these stores. So what to do? You can buy electronic components online through different websites in USA/ US and all over the world. If you are buying for the first time online then check out the following links and choose one to buy from.

Where to buy electronic components online in US?

Below are the online electronic components store to buy in United States/ US/ USA. Also check electronics component store near you:

1  Parts Express – www.parts-express.com/cat/electronic-parts/

2  DigiKey – www.digikey.com

3  Adafruit – www.adafruit.com

4  Amazon – www.amazon.com

5  Tayda Electronics – www.taydaelectronics.com

6  SparkFun – www.sparkfun.com

7 Allelectronics – www.allelectronics.com

 

Guide before buying electronics components online:

Buying electronics components online can be a convenient and cost-effective option, but it’s important to take certain precautions to ensure that you’re getting high-quality components that meet your needs. Here are some guidelines to follow before making a purchase:

1. Before buying from a new supplier, do your research to make sure that they are reputable in online market and have a good track record of providing high-quality components also good at customer service.
2. Make sure that the components you’re buying meet the specifications you need. Check the datasheet and other documentation to ensure that the components have the correct voltage rating, current rating, and power ratings, as well as any other relevant specifications.
3. Look around to compare prices from different suppliers. Keep in mind that the cheapest option may not always be the best, but it is always a good idea to compare prices to ensure that you’re getting a good deal.
4. Make sure to check the shipping and handling cost and time, and also the supplier’s policy on lost or damaged items, because sometimes, buying cheaper components online can cost you more than due to shipping costs.
5. Be aware of counterfeit components that are often sold online particularly Chinese, it’s important to buy from reputable online store and look for signs of authenticity such as serial numbers.
6. Read reviews online of that supplier to get an idea of their experience and the quality of the components.

Where to buy electronic components online in UK?

Below are the online electronic components store to buy in United Kingdom/ UK:

1 RS electronics: https://uk.rs-online.com

2  Kitronik  –  https://www.kitronik.co.uk

3 Hobbytronics  –  www.hobbytronics.co.uk

4 Quasar Electronics – www.quasarelectronics.co.uk

5  Rapid Electronics – www.rapidonline.com

6  Spiratronics – www.spiratronics.com

7  Bitsbox – www.bitsbox.co.uk

8 Mouser  –  https://www.mouser.co.uk

Where to buy electronic components internationally?

Below are the online electronic components store to buy internationally/ worldwide:

1 RS electronics  –  https://www.rs-online.com

2 eBay – www.ebay.com

3 Farnell – www.farnell.com

4  Arrow  –  www.arrow.com

5 Mouser  –  www.mouser.com

Above is the list of websites that you can check out to buy from, as of human psychology one tends to buy from the same store again and again and you might be one of them who love to buy from your favorite stores.

If some components are not available in that store you can buy from your second preferred online electronics component Store.

Tips before buying electronics components online:

• Make the list of components to buy.
• Also, write down the component and its value/ specification on paper before buying. For example,write down Resistor value and number of resistors of that value to buy, and same for capacitor and modules. Last but not the least do buy the components if you need in the very near future so that you need not to buy more frequently saving on time and money.
• Delivery charges can be reduced or omitted if you buy electronic components having total cost more than the threshold cost mention on the e-commerce site. Almost all online stores have this policy.

Wiring a ceiling fan seems to be a demanding job but it’s not that hard as it looks. SoManyTech brings you the red wire ‘ceiling fan wiring’. And switching circuit along with color code of wire in different regional wire codes (country-specific).

Apart from this, different company’s ceiling fan has distinct color wires depending on what type of motor used in the fan some time that does not match with household wiring color.

Different types of fans available in the market come with different number of wires:

• Simple fan with 2 wire
• Fan with 3 wires (as seen from fan side with capacitor)
• 4 wire fan with inbuilt LED light

Considering all the above facts, we have created a ceiling fan wiring diagram guide for ease of installation process. Based on countries and their wiring code there are two major classifications.

Table of wiring code in different countries:

Wire	USA	UK, India, EU, Australia
Line 1 (Live wire)	White	Brown(new)/ Red (old)
Line 2 (Live wire)	Red	Black (new)/ Yellow (old)
Line 3 (Live wire)	Black	Grey(new)/ Blue(old)
Neutral	Blue	Blue(new)/ Black(old)
Ground	Green/ Yellow	Green (striped yellow-green)

Also check, wiring a 4 way switch full guide.

[A] Ceiling Fan wiring diagram for US/ Canada

While working with fan connections make sure you connect wire as shown or according to the diagram on the user-manual.

Important: You can interchange or replace the color of live wire if you have multiple devices connected though the same path or at the same place.

1) Red wire ceiling fan wiring diagram:

2) Black wire ceiling fan wiring with light:

3) Two wired Red wire ceiling fan wiring diagram:

4) Two wired Black wire ceiling fan wiring diagram:

[B] Fan wiring diagram for India/ UK/ Europe/ Australia

1) According to 0ld standard red wire in connection:

2) Ceiling fan wiring 4 wire connection (new standard):

3) Red wire ceiling fan wiring diagram 3-wire (old standard):

4) Two wired Black wire ceiling fan wiring diagram (new standard):

Ceiling Fan Capacitor Connection/ internal wiring of a fan:

Take a look at ceiling fan capacitor connection wiring, this color is not the same for all fan manufacturing company. Therefore, we have the method to determine it with a digital Multi-meter.

( look the capacitor connection, how the color of wire is used in fan’s output. Looking at them, we cannot guess the purpose of wire until and unless the circuit diagram is provided with the fan itself. The main reason behind the confusion for connections is this only.)

Where to connect the Live wire and Neutral in the 3 wire output system in Fan?

Just follow the below steps and get the wiring solution of a fan.

Step0: Turn off the power supply of that particular room in which you are working.

Step1: Set your digital multi-meter to resistance mode.

Step2: Now check the resistance between three wire taking two wires at once. (must remove capacitor connections and other connections to the fan)

Step3: Along with it, mark down the resistance between two wires with their respective colors.

Step4: You will get two values of resistance one is higher (running coil W1) another is lower (starter coil winding W2).
So you have to connect the live wire and neutral wire between two-wires having higher resistance (between points 1 & 3) of the output of the fan.

Step5: Connect the one wire of a capacitor to the neutral-wire (point 3) and another wire of capacitor is connected to the unconnected wire (point 2) of the fan’s output (in series with lower resistance coil/ starter coil)

Step6: Now insulate all the bare wire connection with the insulating tape. And turn on the fan.

Required tools:

• Basic tools such as a ladder,
• Voltage Tester, Screwdriver,
• Insulating tape

Precautions:

• Turn OFF the FAN (temporary cutoff of room power is recommended)
• Do not connect wire merely on the basis of prediction.

SMD capacitors most extensively used for capacitor requirements on the PCB which are perfect for large scale manufacturing. SMD capacitor one of the derivatives of SMT (surface mount technology) having small and easy to place components which enhances the manufacturing speed.

Ceramic, tantalum, electrolytic capacitors are few of the available options when it comes to SMD capacitor. ceramic capacitors are easy and cost-effective to manufacture and thus most widely used.
If you want to go through the detail of the capacitor and their types along with its working then click here!

What is an SMD capacitor?

SMD capacitor is nothing but a capacitor with compact size and no long lead. It is developed in such a way that it offers an advantage for mass production of electronic devices and equipment, along with some technical advantage in the operation of high-frequency devices.

Advantage of SMD capacitor:

• SMD capacitor has no leads or very short lead, the inductive effect of leads are avoided ( its importance comes into the picture when we are working on high-frequency circuits and radio circuits ‘RF range’).
  Eg. while designing a tank circuit using LC, if the leads of the capacitor are not kept short then it will oscillate at different frequencies than that we have designed.
• The size of the surface mount capacitor is smaller than the traditional capacitor space and the device can be confined in a smaller area, useful in portable devices.
• An increase in the manufacturing speed, therefore, reduction in cost is possible.
• Due to the standard size, it is much easier to handle and place on PCB using the robotic assembly process.

Disadvantage of SMD capacitor:

Its advantages have an upper hand than that of disadvantages. Why we are saying its disadvantages are very few and can be neglected.

• One disadvantage is its size when it comes to repairing. Suppose you’re considering to replace it then it is a little bit arduous work.
• Lower heat capacity of a smaller capacitor can damage it if proper cooling ventilation is not given. Surface mount components lower operating temperatures than the traditional one.

Common capacitor value with codes in a chart:

Common capacitor value for SMD capacitor is almost same as ceramic and electrolytic capacitors. Below table have all the common capacitor values listed that are useful for you.

For code “104″
The two figures 10 indicate the significant figures and the 4 indicates the multiplier , i.e. 10^4 = 10000.
Therefore, the value comes out to be 100000 pf = 0.1 uf

There is a certain range of capacitors which is very commonly used with PCB and in the circuits. The common capacitor code  is given below so that it is easier to remind it whenever required while studying or designing the circuits:

Capacitor (104)	Capacitor (108)
100 nF	0.1 pF
Capacitor (154)	Capacitor (158)
150 nF	0.15 pF
Capacitor (224)	Capacitor (228)
220 nF	0.22 pF
Capacitor (334)	Capacitor (338)
330 nF	0.33 pF
Capacitor (474)	Capacitor (478)
470 nF	0.47 pF
Capacitor (684)	Capacitor (688)
680 nF	0.68 pF
Capacitor (105)	Capacitor (109)
1.0 μF	1.0 pF
Capacitor (155)	Capacitor (159)
1.5 μF	1.5 pF
Capacitor (479)	Capacitor (229)
4.7 pF	2.2 pF
Capacitor (689)	Capacitor (339)
6.8 pF	3.3 pF
Capacitor (100)	Capacitor (103)
10 pF	10 nF
Capacitor (150)	Capacitor (153)
15 pF	15 nF
Capacitor (220)	Capacitor (223)
22 pF	22 nF
Capacitor (330)	Capacitor (333)
33 pF	33 nF
Capacitor (470)	Capacitor (473)
47 pF	47 nF
Capacitor (680)	Capacitor (683)
68 pF	68 nF
Capacitor (101)	Capacitor (681)
100 pF	680 pF
Capacitor (151)	Capacitor (102)
150 pF	1000 pF [1.0 nF]
Capacitor (221)	Capacitor (152)
220 pF	1500 pF [1.5 nF]
Capacitor (331)	Capacitor (222)
330 pF	2200 pF [2.2 nF]
Capacitor (471)	Capacitor (682)
470 pF	6800 pF [6.8 nF]
Capacitor (332)	Capacitor (472)
3300 pF [3.3 nF]	4700 pF [4.7 nF]
Capacitor (225)	Capacitor (335)
2.2 μF [2200 nF]	3.3 μF [3300 nF]
Capacitor (475)	Capacitor (685)
4.7 μF [4700 nF]	6.8 μF [6800 nF]

SMD capacitor size:

SMD capacitor’s size certainly depends on their types, their size a different for electrolyte capacitor and ceramic capacitor. Below are some SMD capacitor size standards for different types of SMD capacitor:

Size Code (mm)	Size (in mm)	Size Code (inches)	Size (in inches)
1005	1.0 × 0.5	0402	0.04 × 0.02
1608	1.6 × 0.8	0603	0.06 × 0.03
2012	2.0 × 1.2	0805	0.08 × 0.05
3216	3.2 × 1.6	1206	0.126 × 0.063
3225	3.2 × 2.5	1210	0.12 × 0.10
4520	4.5 × 2.0	1808	0.18 × 0.08
4532	4.5 × 3.2	1812	1.8 × 0.12
5750	5.7 × 5.0	2220	0.22 × 0.20

Are SMD capacitor polarized?

YES, SMD capacitors are polarized but not all SMD capacitors are polarized. The electrolytic SMD capacitor compulsorily comes with the polarity and has its dedicated applications.
They are normally yellow and black color with markings on it.

How to identify SMD capacitor polarity?

The polarity of surface mount capacitors is marked by a white or black line at one of the ends of the device. Note that on a rounded surface mount capacitor the small black corner indicates the negative side. This line/bar indicates the positive terminal of the capacitors as shown in the figure above.

How do you know the capacitor is nonpolar?

If no indication like a bar or colored dash is present on the capacitor then it is a nonpolar capacitor. This nonpolar ceramic capacitor generally brown, yellowish-brown or grey in color.
SMD resistors are generally black in color.

How to test a SMD capacitor?

If your surface mount capacitor does not have a code written on it then follow the following steps:

Step1 – Remove your capacitor from the PCB ( it is not possible to test the component without removing it from the board)

Step2 -Put your multimeter to the Mega-ohm range. And connect the positive of multimeter to the positive of a capacitor and negative to the negative of a capacitor (if it is polarised capacitor). If your capacitor is non-polarized then no issue of polarity.

Step3 – Now observe the value Of the component,

• If it is showing few Megaohms and decreasing slowly then your capacitor is faulty.
• If it is showing few Megaohms, increasing slowly and becomes steady (or not showing any value due to out of range), then the capacitor is good. There is no need to replace it.

COB light and SMD LED are the two major sources of light nowadays. These both device produce high-quality light and have high life expectancy along with the best efficiency till this date.

As we know that light-emitting diode is a newer technology with the advantage of high output corresponding to its input power and of very long life (almost 10 times). Technology is flawless as compared to the older traditional lighting such as fluorescent light which player inefficient and larger in size.

COB LEDs are relatively newer in the LED market and have many advantages over the traditional options. It has a lot of names like flood lamps, downlights, focus lamp, etc.

What is COB light?

LED chips mounted on a single board to act as a source of light is known as COB light. It is also termed as COB LEDs. The COB light’s full form is Chip On Board lights.

It is a chip made up of small diode combined in parallel and series to form a chip that is capable of giving a high concentration of light called a high luminous intensity chip. Look at the image showing multiple small LED diodes on a single large chip.

On the contrary, SMD LEDs are the device having few diodes in it and having a lower output capacity of light.

COB is a modified form of SMD LED. SMD led is a surface mount LED diode and it is capacity wise just a smaller version of COB.

You can say that cob is a collection of lots of LED diodes integrated into one place.(above image)

 

What is the need of cob lights?

If we have SMD-LED then why we need COB led?  This might be the question arising in your mind. The main reason is output Lux and power handling capacity of the device structure.

Some cob light comes with the wide-angle projection that is used to divert light all over the area, which causes an increase in the efficiency.

On the contrary, SMD LED when mounted on a PCB requires an external diffuser which causes the loss of energy when a light beam is passed through who this diffuser cover.

It is manufactured such that the handling and installing become easier and comes with the large beads/ pin.
Suppose we required ~5000 lumens then, we can use a single 10W cob LED instead of using 15 numbers of 1W SMD.

 

Advantage of cob LED:

• High lumens (more than 1.5× SMD) from 150 lm/watt @350mA  to  250 lm/watt @ 20mA.
• High light concentration due to multi-diode integration.
• Compact in size due to the fact that the light-emitting area is reduced. Which as a result,  greatly increases lumen per square centimeter/ inches.
•  The lower overall operating temperature of the whole assembly due to ease of installation in an external heat sink. Lifespan and reliability are improved when maintained at a certain temperature, which eventually means money savings for you.
•  Large focusing area, as it can cover a large area with a single chip.
•  The decrease in the loss of light due to the use of a clear lens. Enhances clarity and contributes to increased efficiency.

 

Application:

The possibilities for COB LEDs made it a wide range application device from household uses to industrial utilities, some of them are:

1. The wide-angle beam made them useful in LED lighting fixtures for installation in living rooms, and large halls.
2. High-bay lighting, street lights, and downlights.
3. In a large stadium, playground, gardens which require high lumens at night time.

 

Disadvantage:

• Reduced repairability of lighting fixtures that uses cob chip. This is due to the fact that if any of the single diodes in a whole COB is damaged due to some technical failure then, the complete COB led has to be replaced with the newer one.
  But in the case of SMD LED, if any of them undergo a failure then it is easy to replace and get it back to work with less cost.
• The requirement of the properly designed heat sink. If the heat sink is not properly installed then due to overheating the diode will be blown. A large amount of heat is generated due to highly concentrated light waves emanating from a small area.
• The well-engineered external power supply as it needs constant current and voltage because any spike in supply can damage the diodes.
• Costlier than SMD chips.

Difference between COB LED and SMD LED:

Table showing COB light vs SMD lights:

	COB LED	SMD LED
Output lumen (lm/watt)	150 lm/watt @350mA  to  250 lm/watt @ 20mA	~100 lm/ watt @300mA
Efficiency	Higher	Lower
Mounting difficulty	Easy	Moderate to Hard
Cost	Expensive	Moderately lower than Cob led's
External power Supply	External power supply with high current capability is must	Lower current capability is required
Heat sink	Larger heat sink with cooling fan is must due to heavy heat dissipation	Smaller heat sink will work.

What is an LED driver?

The LED driver is nothing but an external power supply used for powering an LED. This is a fully regulated DC power supply unlike household AC power supply 120V/ 230V.

The external power supply which drives LED are termed as LED drivers. They convert the high alternating voltage to lower DC voltage so as to power LEDs.