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March 22 2020

12v to 5v Converter- 4 Simple Circuits for projects

Before getting to 12v to 5v converter circuit using different methods lets a glance at the need of 5 volt supply.

A wide range of IC’s and automation controller devices require 5 V DC supply for their operation, in the absence of 5 volt supply we might be needed to derive it from the existing power supply then comes these linear converter for help. Here’s the list of all possible circuits but their application differs from circuit to circuit. We already discussed 9v to 5v converter circuit previously.

These circuits are basic voltage regulators, the first one is simple voltage divider using resistors.
All the circuits have different performance. The voltage divider circuit is not recommended for use in the high current application as it has a low output current and lower efficiency.

LM7805 12v to 5v converter:

A voltage regulator 12v to 5v dc can also be implemented with an LM7805 linear voltage converter. It is used for (10mA to 1 Amp ) medium current to the high current application circuits.
It has the feature of maintaining the same output current as applied at the input end.

12v to 5v converter circuit diagram dc ic7805 IC LM7805 pin-out pin diagram

Important:
The input capacitor and an output capacitor is to be externally connected to the IC 7805, these capacitor acts as ripple reducer if it is present in the source power supply according to the datasheet. The heat sink is a must because the voltage drop of 7 volts is converted to heat though the Heat-Sink.
If you don’t attach a heatsink it can destroy the IC while applying it in high current circuits and remain with a damaged IC. The source voltage must be >2.5V more than the required regulated output dc voltage.

Components required:
One 12v battery/ 12V adopter power source, 10uF capacitor, 1uF capacitor, IC LM7805, Heat-sink, some connecting wires, and a soldering iron (for soldering).

Working:

For getting a steady and zero ripple output voltage, the linear voltage regulators IC’s are used. These are the integrated circuits that are made for linear voltage conversion and regulation are often termed as a step-down transformer ICs. Let’s discuss 12v to 5v DC converter using IC 7805.

The transformer IC 7805 is part of the LM78xx series of DC converter ICs. It is a linear step-down transformer IC. The digits ‘xx‘ represents the value of the regulated o/p in volts. The IC7805 gives 5V DC as the digit ‘xx‘ showing (05) which is 5 volts. The output will be constant at 5 Volts for all value of the input in 6.5volts to 35 volts. (refer to datasheet)

Pin number 1 is the source supply terminal. Pin number 2 is the ground terminal. Pin number 3 is the output voltage terminal.

Click here for simple5v to 3.3 v converter circuit and modules

Check this video for reference: (input capacitor is not used but it is recommended), also values of the capacitor may be different as available and depending on the area of application)

Check How to convert 5V to 12V dc dc boost up?

LM317 12v to 5v converter:

A 12v to 5v dc converter can also be implemented with an LM317 voltage regulator IC. It is very useful in mid to high current applications(1 Amp and more). It is also found in desktop computers as voltage surge protection circuits.
This circuit also has the capacity to give the same output current as taken from an unregulated source.

Generally, LM317 is a variable power supply IC that can provide a variable but regulated output voltage from 1.25 Volts to 37 volts depending on “Vref” (reference voltage), the voltage on pin number 1 (Adj.) which is reference voltage taken from a potentiometer. Adj. is voltage for adjustment. Below is a voltage divider circuit build using LM317 gives a fixed voltage of 5V at pin number 2.

12v to 5v converter using LM317 IC circuit IC LM 317 pin diagram pin-out

Important:
It is suggested to connect the input capacitor ‘Cin’ to work (as well as at output ‘recommended’). A heat sink as shown in the below figure must be there to dissipate heat (kind of extra i/p potential).
The properly connected heat-ink is a must otherwise it can destroy the IC317. The input voltage must be 1.5V or more than the required output voltage.
Check here online LM317 resistor calculator tool to directly find the values of resistors.

Components required:
One 12v battery/ 12V power supply, a 1.6k resistor, 4.7K resistor, 10uF capacitor, 1uF capacitor, IC LM317, a Heat-sink, some connecting wires, breadboard if doing experimentally and a soldering iron.

Working:
The LM317 is an adjustable voltage regulator IC capable of supplying more than 1.0 Ampere of current with a wide range of o/p voltage from 1.25 Volts to 37 Volts. Its regulation is a little bit better than other fixed voltage-regulator IC like LM7805, 7806, 7808, 7810 …

LM317 formula modified approx value

The formula for the output voltage of the 12v to 5v converter using LM317 is written above. It gives approximate value “Vo” when R2 and R1 are chosen to correctly to satisfy the formula. Put any standard value of either of the resistor (higher value of the resistor is recommended to reduce power loss), then substitute the value of required output voltage in the given formula to find the value of another resistor.

The below image showing Voltage regulator IC without Heat-Sink and with a heat-sink. Sometimes heat-sinks are sold separately. Please ensure to connect heat-sink properly with conducting paste applied for high current applications.

Regulator IC heat-sink

12v to 5v converter using a voltage divider:

Here is the 12v to 5v dc converter circuit for low current applications (< 70 mA), mainly for taking reference signal/ voltage and in a small current draining circuit like an LED indicator.

You can run two LEDs in series across the resistor R2 while taking input from 12V lead-acid battery or a 12v adapter as an input.

12v to 5v converter circuit using resistor

Components required:

One 12v battery, 1.8k resistor, 1.3k resistor, connecting wires.

This circuit is a voltage divider schematic. You can design it for the required ‘output voltage’ by using this formula:

Here, Vout is the output voltage taken across resistor R2. Vin is the input voltage to be step down. Choose the standard resistor value (greater than 1K Ohm) of anyone resistance and solve for the other one. Then choose the standard value nearest to the obtained value of the resistor.

Check Simple 12v to 6v converter circuits

12v to 5v converter using zener diode:

The schematic circuit shown below is for medium current circuits, it is useful for (1-70mA) medium current draining circuit eg. light emitting diode indicators, driver circuits, low voltage transistor operations, and many more.

You can use this step-down 12v to 5v converter DC circuit in combination with another circuit across the output of zener diode (with a 12volt battery as an input). Approximately 5V is obtained across a zener diode.

Important:
A load resistor or output circuit is a must at output end while implementing or testing it in a circuit to prevent zener diode from getting burn.

Components required:
One 12v battery, 100-ohm resistor (higher value is recommended), 5.1V zener diode (greater than 1W), some connecting wire, and soldering iron for permanent joints.

Working:
This is a very common circuit of zener diode as a voltage regulator circuit. You can regulate o/p voltage according to the application by changing diode and the series resistor (Rs).

Step by step Zener voltage regulator method:

Design a ‘Vout’ stabilized power supply to produce from an unregulated DC power supply source ‘Vs’. The maximum power rating P_Z of the zener diode is in Watts. Using the zener diode and calculate using the following formulas:

The maximum current flowing through the zener diode.
Id = (Watts / Voltage)

The minimum value of the R_S series resistor.
Rs = (Vs – Vz) / Iz

The load current I_L if a load resistor of 1kΩ is connected across the zener diode.
I_L = V_Z/ R_L

The zener current I_Z at full load.
Iz = Is – I_L

Where,
I_L = current through Load
Is = current through Rs series resistor
Iz = current though zener diode (check datasheets or assume 10- 20mA if not given)
Vo =V_R =Vz = zener voltage = output voltage
R_L = Load resistor

Check 3.7v to 5v boost converter circuit with various ICs

*Before final application with 12v to 5v converter circuit in your projects, verify and confirm the output volts to what you designed for. The value of current mentioned in the article is for reference only, as the value of current changes according to the impedance of the circuit at the output end.

January 3 2020

9v to 5v Converter – 4 Simple circuits for Projects

smt Circuits

Before jumping to the 9v to 5v converter circuit using different schematics, lets discuss the topic in short. There are wide range of IC’s and devices that requires 5 V DC supply for their operation. When working with a 9V battery supply, it becomes quite difficult to get a 5V dc power supply for the circuits. Here are the simple circuits that provide +5V from a 9V radio battery. Below are listed all the possible circuits, but their application differs from circuit to circuit.

These circuits are basic voltage regulators, the first one is a simple voltage divider using resistors. All the circuits have different performance. The voltage divider circuit is not recommended for use in the high current application as it has a low output current and lower efficiency.

LM7805 9v to 5v converter:

A 9v to 5v voltage regulator can be implemented with an LM7805 step-down voltage converter. It is used for (10mA to 1 Amp and more) medium to a high current application.
The unique about this circuit is its ability to provide the same output current as applied at the input end.

IC LM7805 pin-out pin diagram

One needs to connect the input capacitor and an output capacitor to the IC 7805 to work as stated according to the datasheet. The heat sink is a must because the voltage drop of 4 volts is to be dissipated as a heat though the Heat-Sink. The absence of heat-sink will destroy the IC and you will be with a damaged IC. The input voltage must be at least 2.5V greater than the rated output voltage.

Components required:
One 9v battery/ 9V adopter power supply, 10uF capacitor, 0.1uF capacitor, IC LM7805, Heat-sink, some wires or connectors, and soldering iron.

Working:
For obtaining a steady and reliable output voltage, the voltage regulators IC’s are used. The integrated circuits that offer linear voltage conversion and regulation are often named as transformer ICs. Here, we have discussed 9v to 5v DC converter using IC 7805. The transformer IC 7805 is part of the LM78xx series of transformer ICs. It is a linear transformer IC. The digits ‘xx‘ represents the value of the output voltage regulated.
The 7805 IC gives 5V DC as the digit ‘xx‘ showing (05). The input voltage can up to 35V, and the output will be constant 5V for any value of the input. Pin 1 is the input supply terminal. Pin 2 is the ground terminal. Pin 3 is the output power supply terminal.

Check this video for reference: (input capacitor is not used, but it is recommended, also values of capacitor may be different as available and depending on the area of application)

Check this simple 12v to 6v converter circuit

LM317 9v to 5v converter:

A 9v to 5v dc converter can also be implemented with an LM317 voltage regulator. It is useful in mid to high current (1 Amp and more) applications.
This circuit also has its ability to provide the same output current as given at the input end.

Generally, LM317 is used as a variable power supply that can provide variable output voltage (1.25V to 37V) depending on adjust the voltage on pin number 1 (Adj.) which is reference voltage taken from a potentiometer. Here it is a voltage divider circuit using which LM317 gives a fixed output voltage of 5V.

IC LM 317 pin diagram pin-out

It is suggested to connect input capacitor (also the output capacitor). A heat sink is should be there to dissipate extra potential difference in the form of heat via the Heat-Sink. The presence of heat-sink is a must otherwise it will destroy the IC and IC will exhaust. The input voltage should be at least 1.5V greater than the rated output voltage.

Components required:
One 9v battery/ 9V power supply, a 10k ohm resistor, 2.7K ohm resistor 10uF capacitor, 0.1uF capacitor, IC LM317, a Heat-sink, some wires, and soldering iron.

Check LM317 Resistor Calculator for below formula.

Working:
The LM317 is an adjustable voltage regulator IC competent of supplying more than 1.0 Amp of current with a wide range of o/p voltage from 1.25V to 37V. Its regulation is quite better than fixed voltage-regulator IC like LM7805, LM7806, LM7808, LM7810, etc.

LM317 formula modified approx value

This is the formula for the output voltage of 9v to 5v converter using LM317. It gives approx required output when R1 and R2 are chosen to satisfy the formula. Put any standard value of anyone resistor (above 100 ohms, but a higher value is recommended), also put the value of required output voltage in the above formula and then find the value of another resistor.

9v to 5v converter circuit using a voltage divider:

The circuit shown here is the circuit for low current (1-30 mA) applications, suppose we have to take reference voltage for comparison or a very low current drawing circuit of an LED indicator.

You can connect two LEDs in series across the output of R2 resistor if you are using a 9volt battery as an input.

Components required:

One 9v battery, 1.5k resistor, 1.2k resistor, some multi-color connecting wires.

It is a simple voltage divider configuration. You can design the output voltage according to your need by using this formula:

Where, Vo is the o/p voltage taken across resistor R2. Vin is the input voltage. Choose any resistor value, either R1 or R2 (more than 1K Ohm) and calculate the other one. Then pick the nearest standard value of the resistor.

Click here for high speed high current static switch circuit with IRF3205 MOSFET and datasheet.

9v to 5v converter using zener diode:

The circuit shown below is for medium current applications, it is useful for (1-100mA) medium current drawing circuit eg. LED indicators, control circuits, transistor switches, LDR circuits.

Use this 9v to 5v converter (step down) circuit with any other circuit in parallel to the output of zener diode (with a 9volt battery as an input). You will get approx. 5V at the output.

Important:
The load must be connected all the time at the output end while testing or while using it in a circuit to prevent a zener diode from being damaged.

Components required:
One 9v battery, 100-ohm resistor (≥22 ohms), 5.1V zener diode (≥1W), some wires or connectors.

Working:
It is the most common circuit of a zener diode in voltage regulator configuration. You make the output voltage work according to you by changing a zener diode ratings and Rs (series resistor).

Design a ‘Vo’ stabilized power supply is to produce from a ‘Vs’ DC power supply source. The maximum power rating P_Z of the zener diode is in ‘W’. Using a zener regulator circuit and calculate using the following formulas:

The maximum current flowing through the zener diode.
Id = (Watts / Voltage)

The minimum value of the R_S series resistor.
Rs = (Vs – Vz) / Iz

The load current I_L if a load resistor of 1kΩ is connected across the zener diode.
I_L = V_Z/ R_L

The zener current I_Z at full load.
Iz = Is – I_L

Where,
I_L = current through Load
Is = current through Rs series resistor
Iz = current though zener diode (assume 10- 20mA if not given)
Vo =V_R =Vz = zener voltage = output voltage
R_L = Load resistor

*Before applying this 9v to 5v converter circuit in projects, verify the output voltages to ensure proper working of the circuits. The current value described in the article is for reference only, as the value of current depends on the load resistor.

December 29 2019

All about 775 Motor- Full specification in detail

smt Component ID 12 volt 775 dc motor price, 12v 775 motor, 775 dc gear motor

What is 775 motor? You might have seen 775 written on some popular DC motor. But many people don’t know what actually 775 dc motor is other than it is a motor used for various heavy-duty applications and projects.

The 775 motor is a high-performance DC electric motor that is commonly used in a wide range of applications, including robotics, remote control vehicles, and power tools. The 775 model of DC motor represents a certain ‘size’ of the motor body outer frame. This size is standard for all 775 motors.

The motor is able to deliver a high amount of power while still being relatively lightweight, which makes it well-suited for use in applications that required both higher power and portability. Additionally, it is also known for its high efficiency, which means that it is able to convert a electrical energy into mechanical energy with lesser losses thus doing more work with less energy.

The number 775 is the Size ID of motor accepted as a standard.

Its casing is made of rustproof material mainly steel with some protective coatings, with few plastic parts. It is a high torque high power device for mid to high-power applications generally in robotics, quad-copters, and industrial.

The table below showing specs/ specification of 775 motor:

Component name	775 Dc motor
Category	Heavy duty dc motor
Motor body size (std.)	66.7 × 42 mm
Shaft diameter (std.)	5 mm
Shaft length (generally)*	14 - 17 mm
Operating voltage	6 - 36 volts
Rated voltage	12 volts
No load current (non std.)	~20 A
Speed (non std.)*
Speed at 12 volt	~4100 rpm
Speed at 24 volt	~8400 rpm
Commutation	Brushed/ Brush-less

Description:

Note that ±1 mm error of body size is acceptable, but not the shaft diameter and length.

The 775 dc motors have a standard size of 66.7 x 42.0 mm. The 42.0 is the outer diameter as the motor is cylindrical, wheres 66.7 mm is its height. The number 775 stands for this standard size. It is in the same fashion to the number with 130 /140 /180 motor.

The shaft size diameter of 5 mm is standard and adopted by almost all manufacturers. The length of the shaft can differ in accordance to the requirements, but a 17 mm shaft is seen commonly. The number of rotation of the motor is dependent on the voltage of operation, i.e RPM ∝ Voltage applied. Rpm is adjusted as per the need of the project. Its nominal operating voltage is 12V but its operation can be ranged from 6 volts to 36 volts.

The no-load current value is an indicator of how much current the motor derives when there is no load applied to it. Thus no-load current is the maximum current that is derived by a motor when it is offload.

Its speed dc motors range from 8300 rpm to 10000 rpm at 24 volts depends on manufacturers mentioned specs, and it is near-linear as we increase voltages. One important thing to keep in mind while buying this motor is to check operating voltage/ current/ speed to meet your requirements for projects and application (generally there is no standard rating followed other than its size).

Both brushed and brush-less model is available in shops. The brushed motor has low cost in comparison with brush-less motors.

A brushed DC motor means that it uses a set of carbon brushes to transfer current to the rotor. On other hand brushless DC motor means that it does not have any mechanical brushes to transfer electrical current to the rotor.
The 775 brushless motor design means that there are no mechanical brushes that can wear out over time, which helps to extend the life of the motor. Additionally, the motor is also able to operate at high speeds without generating significant amounts of heat, that definitely help to prolong the life of the motor by reducing the risk of thermal damage.

Another advantage of the 775 motor is its high torque. Torque is a measure of the motor’s capability to generate rotational force, and the 12 volt 775 motor is able to produce high levels of torque even at low speeds. This makes it well-suited for use in applications that require high levels of starting torque, such as in power tools or robotics.

What is 775 Gear motor?

A 775 gear motor is a modified version of 775 motor, which has a gear-head that combines with the high-performance 775 DC motor and act as a gear reduction mechanism. The outer diameter is maintained to standard size even after adding gear, but length of the geared motor is increased obviously.

It has gear reduction system called as gearbox, which is used to increase the torque output of the motor while reducing its speed. This allows the 775 gear motor to produce required high levels of torque at required lower speeds, making it well-suited for use in applications that require high starting torque and low speed of operation. One of the main advantages of a 775 gear motor is that it can be designed for the precise control of speed and torque which is very important in robotics and automation.

Application of 775 DC motor specs:

Internet of things devices.
Robotic projects, RC boats for a hobby.
In quad-copter due to high speed/ torque.
Industrial automation and power tool like PCB drilling machines.

FAQ on 775 DC Motors:

Q: How to choose a 775 DC gear motor?

A: If you don’t know how to choose a particular gear motor, then you need to know your requirements about operating voltage, no load speed/ on-load speed, and rated torque. Other than this you can also check about or add a requirement about noise or lifecycle of the product if you are specially ordering from a manufacturer for your custom needs.

Q: How do I determine the required torque for my application?

A: You have to describe the application of the motor you gonna use on your side and the available size/ space in that application. The manufacturer/ supplier could help you in determining it, reason that supplier could have many such proposal similar to your requirements. And they would do a great job on this.

Q: How to increase the lifecycle of 775 motor?

A: Generally gear motor has enough lifecycle, if you are thinking on superior side of product/ application then try considering brushless dc motor also if its in a geared application then consider with planetary gear box.

Q: How to reduce the noise of 775 motor?

A: Reducing noise is quite a tough task, but you could optimize it to lower possible level by lowering the motor speed, by using bearing and lubricant oil. For 775 gear motor use planetary gearbox/ plastic gears.

December 28 2019

What is 180 motor dc? and Specification

smt Component ID

What is 180 motor? Many times you might have seen 180 written on DC motor. But many people don’t know what actually 180 dc motor is apart from it is a motor used in various RC toys/ projects and DIY kits.

The 180 model of DC motor represents certain ‘dimensions’ of the motor body. This dimension is standard for all 180 motor.

The number 180 is the Size ID of motor standardized for maufacturers.

This body or casing of the motor is generally made up of nickel-coated steel, along with some plastic parts as an accessory. It is a medium torque medium power device for low to mid-power applications generally in robotics and RC cars.

Following table showing specs/ specification of 180 motor:

Component name	180 dc motor
Category	Electro-mechanical dc motor
Motor body size (std.)	3.15 × 2.02 × 1.54 cm
Shaft diameter (std.)	0.2 cm or (2 mm)
Shaft length (generally)*	5 mm - 15 mm
Operating voltage	3.7 - 8.0 volts
Rated voltage	6 volts
No load current (non std.)	0.45 - 0.74 A
Speed (non std.)*
Speed at 3 volt	~1500 rpm
Speed at 6 volt	~3200 rpm
Commutation	Brushed/ Brush-less

Description:

The 180 dc motors have a standard size of 31.5 x 20.2 x 15.4 mm, this is the outer frame size of it. The number 180 is the indicator of it. It is same to the number as that of 775 motor.

The shaft size of 2 mm is standard and widely used by almost all manufacturers. The length of the shaft varies according to the application from 6 mm to 15 mm, but a 9 mm shaft is most common.

The rpm of the motor is directly proportional to the voltage of operation and rpm to be calibrated as per the requirement of the project. Its nominal operating voltage range is 3 volts to 8 volts.

No-load current shows how much current the motor consumes while there is no load connected to it. It also indicated the motor power requirement for working. No-load current is max. current that can be used by the motor.

The speed of such dc motors ranges from 29000 rpm to 34000 rpm at 6 volts depends on technology and manufacturers specs, and near proportional thereafter increase in voltages.

Both brushed and brushless model can be at found online stores. Brushed motor are cheaper in Comparision to brushless motor.

Application of 180 DC motor:

RC cars and all toy vehicles.
IoT devices.
Robotic projects, etc.
Rc boats.
In Drones due to high speed.

Check!! How to choose DC motor for your project?

December 15 2019

150 Ohm Resistor color code- Overview

smt Component ID

The 150 ohm Resistor color code for 4-band resistor is as shown in the image below:

[Brown, Green, Brown, Gold]

Band	Color	Value
1st Brown		1
2nd Green		5
3rd Brown		10
4th gold		5%
		150±5% Ω

150 ohm resistor color code for 4-band is calculated as:

(1st digit) = Brown = 1
(2nd digit) = Green = 5
(multiplier) = Brown = 1 = 10^1 = 10
(tolerance) = Gold= ±5%

∴ 15×10±5% –> 150 ohms –> 150 Ω
∴ the real value of 150 Ω resistor is between 142.5 Ω to 157.5 Ω

Description: From the resistor color code table we have to find the color code of resistor according to its decimal value of each band counted from left to right.

Thus, for 120 ohm resistor, 1st digit is ‘ 1 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 1, then it’s your 1st color(say brown).
The 2nd digit is ‘ 3 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 2, then it’s your 2nd color (say green).

The 3rd digit ‘1’ (but value 10^1 = 10) is multiplier ‘ 10 ‘, ∴ look for color in table with value 1, then it’s your 3rd color band (say brown).

The last bands in 4th and 5 th bands resistors gives the tolerance value of the resistor. In that, the Gold band indicates a 5% tolerance of the resistor value. For Silver band, it is 10%, and Brown its value points at 1% tolerance. If the 4th color band is absent then it is assumed to be 20% tolerance.

check colour code of 150 ohm resistor

December 14 2019

120 Ohm Resistor color code- Overview

smt Component ID

The 120 ohm Resistor color code for 4-band resistor is as shown in the image below:

120 ohm Resistor color code for 4-band is:

[Brown, Red, Brown, Gold]

Band	Color	Value
1st Brown		1
2nd Red		2
3rd Brown		10
4th gold		5%
		120±5% Ω

120 ohm resistor color code for 4-band is calculated as:

(1st digit) = Brown = 1
(2nd digit) = Red = 2
(multiplier) = Brown = 1 = 10^1 = 10
(tolerance) = Gold= ±5%

∴ 12×10±5% –> 120 ohms –> 120 Ω
∴ the real value of 120 ohm resistor is between 114 Ω to 126 Ω

Description: From the resistor color code table we need to find the color code of resistor with respect to its decimal value of the each band counted from left to right.

Thus, for 120 ohm resistor, 1st digit is ‘ 1 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 1, then it’s your 1st color(say brown).
The next 2nd digit is ‘ 2 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 2, then it’s your 2nd color (say red).

Next 3rd digit ‘1’ (but value 10^1 = 10) is multiplier ‘ 10 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 1, then it’s your 3rd color band (say brown).

The last bands in 4th and 5th bands resistors gives the tolerance value of the resistor. Here, the Gold indicates a 5% tolerance of the resistor value. For Silver, it is 10%, and Brown it is value points at 1% tolerance value. If the 4th band is absent then it is assumed as 20%tolerance.

check color code of 150 ohm resistor

December 13 2019

2.2k ohm Resistor color code- Overview

smt Component ID

The 2.2k ohm Resistor color code for 4-band resistor is as shown in the image below:

2.2 k ohm resistor color code is:

[ Red, Red, Red, Gold ]

Band	Color	Value
1st Red		2
2nd Red		2
3rd Red		100
4th gold		5%
		2.2k±5% Ω

2.2k ohm resistor color code for 4-band is calculated as:

(1st digit) = Red = 2
(2nd digit) = Red = 2
(multiplier) = Red = 2 = 10^2 = 100
(tolerance) = Gold= ±5%

∴ 22×100±5% –> 2.2k ohms –> 2200 Ω
∴ the real value of 2.2k ohm resistor is between 2090 Ω to 2310 Ω

Description: From the resistor color code table we need to find the color code of resistor with respect to its decimal value of the each band counted from left to right.

Thus, for 2.2k ohm resistor, 1st digit is ‘ 2 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 2, then it’s your 1st color(say red).
The next 2nd digit is ‘ 2 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 2, then it’s your 2nd color (say red). Next 3rd digit ‘100’ (but value 10^2 = 100) is multiplier ‘ 2 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 2, thenit’s your 3rd color band (say red).

The last bands in 4/5 th bands resistors shows the tolerance value of the resistor. Here, the Gold indicates a 5% tolerance value. For Silver, its values is 10%, and Brown it is value at 1% tolerance. If the 4th band is absent then it is taken as 20% tolerance.

Also check color code of 120 ohm resistor

November 29 2019

1 Ohm Resistor color code- 4 band and 5 band

smt Component ID

1 ohm resistor color code can be found using the resistor color code chart, below image showing a resistor color code of 1Ω 4-band resistor:

[Brown, Black, Gold, Gold (any) ]

The color code in tabular form for the 1R four-band resistor is brown, black, gold, gold.

Band	Color	Value
1st Brown		1
2nd Black		0
3rd gold		0.1
4th gold		+-5%
	1st digit 1 2nd digit 0 3rd multiplier: 0.1	1 Ohm tolerance: +-5%

4-band 100 ohm resistor color code is calculated as:

1st-band= Brown= 1 (1st digit)
2nd-band= Black= 0 (2nd digit)
3rd-band= Brown= 0.1 (multiplier) = 0.1
4th-band= Gold= ±5% (tolerance) – {4th band can be of any color as it indicates tolerence value}

Thus, 10×0.1±5% –> 1 ohm –> 1 Ω
The tolerance will be –> 5% of 1 –>0.05 Ω
Theoretically, the value of 1 Ω resistor is between 0.95 Ω to 1.05 Ω

Description: From the chart we got the color code of resistor with respect to the decimal value of the respective band counted from left to right.
So for 1-ohm resistor, 1st digit is ‘ 1 ‘, ∴ look for colour in chart having value 1, then it’s 1st color will be brown. The next 2nd digit is ‘ 0 ‘, ∴ look for color in chart having value 0, then it’s your 2nd color will be black. Next 3rd one is multiplier 0.1 ∴ look for color in chart having value 0.1, then it’s your 3rd color will be gold.

The last band in 4 and 5-bands resistors is the markings for tolerance value in the resistor. In this case, it is Gold which indicates a 5% tolerance value. For Silver, it is 10%, Black indicates 1% and 2% tolerance is indicated by Brown. If the 4th band is absent it should be considered as 20% tolerance.

Image showing 1 ohm resistor color code of 5-band resistor:

[Brown, Black, Black, Silver, Black]

The 100R 5-band resistor color code is brown, black, black, silver, black and it is found as:

1st-band = Brown= 1 (1st-digit)
2nd-band = Black= 0 (2nd-digit)
3rd-band = Black = 0 (3rd-digit)
4th-band = Silver = 0.01 (multiplier) = 0.01
5th-band = Black= ±1% (tolerance)

Description:
So for 1-ohm 5-band resistor which comes under precision resistor,
The 1st digit is ‘ 1 ‘, ∴ look for color in table having value 1, then it’s your 1st color- brown.
Next 2nd digit is ‘ 0 ‘, ∴ look for color in chart having value 0, then it is 2nd band color- black.
Its 3rd digit is ‘ 0 ‘, ∴ look for color in chart having value 0, then it is 3rd band color- black.
Now, 4th digit is multiplier that should be (0.01), therefore, 4th band will be of silver color.

Characteristics will be the same from the value to the power rating of 5-band resistor and 4-band resistance except the bands color and some times the tolerance value.

Click here! to Brush-up resistors color code table and method to find their value.

November 15 2019

What is a Precision resistor?- Precision resistor color code guide

smt Basic Electronics

What is a Precision resistor?

A precision resistor is a normal resistor with near accurate Ohmic values. Technically they have very low tolerance value as compared to the normal resistors.
The lower the value of tolerance of the resistor shows the lower deviation from resistor value and higher the value of tolerance the higher the deviation from the actual standard value.
The Precision resistor is also called a film resistor or foil resistor.

The tolerance value is indicated in percentage (%).

You can say that if the tolerance value of the resistor is below 1% it can be classified under precision resistor, they have the tolerance in the range of 0.005%, 0.025%, 0.1%, 0.01%, etc

There are some other factors that are also considered while considering the precision in the resistance that will be discussed below in detail.
The resistance with the tolerance value 10%, 20%, 5% does not fall under the Precision resistor.

Ultra precision
±0.005%

Precision
±0.01%
±0.02%
±0.025%
±0.05%
±0.1%
±0.25%
±0.5%
±1%

General
±3%
±5%
±10%
±20%

Observe the difference among various tolerance values of the resistor and resultant value of resistor:

10k resistor 10% tolerance = 9000 to 11000 Ω
10k resistor 5% tolerance = 9500 to 10500 Ω
10k resistor 1% tolerance = 9900 to 10100 Ω
10k resistor 0.005% tolerance = 9999.5 to 10000.5 Ω

From the above observation, we can say that the nominal value of the resistor is between this two range and tolerance value play a great role if accuracy matters in your circuit.

Important factors of precision resistors:

Technology involved: Wire-wound, Metal Film, Metal Foil, Bare Metal, Thin Film. All technology gives different results in resistor performance.

Temperature coefficient ( ppm/°C ): It is the amount the Resistor value changes for every 1°C change in temperature.
110 ppm/°C means the Resistance increases 110 Ohms for every 1M Ohm resistance for each degree rise in temperature. Or say ratio wise for other values, 11 ohms for every 100k or 1.1 ohm every 10k.
Operating temperature: It indicates the operating temperature range of the resistor in which it remains stable, also can work without being damaged.
Power rating: It indicates the power handling capacity of a resistor without being damaged.

Application of Precision resistor:

Electronic weighing machine/ scales: Electronic weighing machine is two way the object and this purpose should be must be fulfilled with the accuracy, Precision resistor provide that accuracy in the circuit of the weighing machine.
Audio application/ low noise amplifier: Audio device is one of the widely used devices that requires precise very low noise resistors and other components. Highly stable and linear response of Precision resistor Ideal for audio application.
Commercial aviation industry: Highly accurate value of onboard instruments in the airplane is necessary as it operates and handles the critical conditions of such a Mammoth machine.
Measuring instruments and meters: Digital multi-meters, LC meters, audio meters, altimeters, and all sort of measuring instruments install Precision resistors who has to give the measured value of a particular physical or electrical condition.

Precision Resistor color code: 5 band resistor color code and 6 band resistor color code

5 band and 6 band resistor color Code is generally used to indicate the color code of Precision resistors, the following table showing 5/ 6 band resistor color code:

November 10 2019

330 ohm Resistor color code- 330R bands

smt Component ID

The 330 ohm Resistor color code for 4-band resistor is as shown in the image below:

[Orange, orange, brown, gold]

Band	Color	Value
1st Orange		3
2nd Orange		3
3rd Brown		10
4th gold		+-5%
	1st digit 3 2nd digit 3 3rd multiplier: 10	330 Ohm tolerance: +-5%

330 ohm resistor color code for 4-band is calculated as:

(1st digit) = Orange = 3
(2nd digit) = Orange = 3
(multiplier) = Brown = 1 = 10^1 = 10
(tolerance) = Gold= ±5%

∴ 33×10±5% –> 330 ohms –> 330 Ω
∴ the real value of 330 Ω resistor is between 313.5 Ω to 346.5 Ω

Description: From the resistor color code table we found the color code of resistor with respect to its decimal value of the respective bands counted from left to right.
Thus, for 330-ohm resistor, 1st digit is ‘ 3 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 3, then it’s your 1st color(say orange).
The next 2nd digit is ‘ 3 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 3, then it’s your 2nd color (say orange). Next 3rd digit ‘0’ (but value 10^1 = 10) is multiplier ‘ 1 ‘, ∴ look for color in a chart with value 1, then it’s your 3rd color band (say brown).

The last bands in 4 or 5-bands resistors are the indicator of the tolerance value of the resistor. Here, it is Gold that indicates a 5% tolerance value. For Silver, its values counts 10%, and Brown it is value at 1% tolerance. If the 4th band is absent it is taken as 20% tolerance value.
read what is an load resistor

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